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At the end of 2007, the fi nancial press celebrated that the São Paulo Stock Exchange (Bovespa) had successfully promoted the issue of new shares for 27 companies in that year alone. Abetted by low interest rates and improvements in corporate governance, corporations in Brazil had accomplished what seemed to be an all-time record number of initial public off erings (IPOs) in a single year. 1 Yet, Brazil experienced a period of relative stability in interest rates and intense activity in stock markets before 1920 that by some measures represents even more of an historical peak than today’s boom. Many of the better years between 1890 and 1913 saw more than 30 new initial public off erings of stock on the Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo stock exchanges combined. Moreover, both the number of traded companies per million people (a common measure of stock market development) and the capitalization of corporate bond issues to gross domestic product (GDP) were nearly twice at the beginning of the twentieth century than they are today. How did Brazil develop such an impressive market for corporate securities – perhaps even more impressive than today’s market – before World War I? Th is book examines the institutional conditions that prevailed at the turn of the twentieth century when Brazilian companies were selling large amounts of equity and bonds to foreign and domestic investors. Th e argument of the book is that in a relatively favorable macroeconomic environment, with signifi cant fl ows of external capital, Brazilian corporations were able to attract large numbers of shareholders and bondholders by providing protections against potential mismanagement and abuse by managers and insiders. Th ese oft en took the form of corporate bylaws that constrained